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形容词和副词的英语语法讲解

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摘要: 形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后。

形容词和副词的英语语法讲解

  一、形容词及其用法

1、形容词修饰名词

形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。

1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot。

2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:

afraid 害怕的。

(错) He is an ill man.

(对) The man is ill.

(错) She is an afraid girl.

(对) The girl is afraid.

这类词还有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。

3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后。例如:something nice.

  2、以-ly结尾的形容词

1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。

改错:

(错) She sang lovely.

(错) He spoke to me very friendly.

(对) Her singing was lovely.

(对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.

2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词,如

daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early等。例如:

The Times is a weekly paper. 《时代周刊》为周刊。

The Times is published weekly. 《时代周刊》每周发行一期。

3 、用形容词表示类别和整体

1) 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接,如

the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry等。

例如:

The poor are losing hope. 穷人行将失去希望。

2) 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用,如the British,the English,the French,the Chinese等。例如:

The English have wonderful sense of humor. 英国人颇有幽默感。

4、 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序

多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)--出处--材料性质--类别--名词。例如:

a small round table/ a tall gray building/ a dirty old brown shirt/ a famous German medical school/ an expensive Japanese sports car

典型例题:

1) Tony is going camping with ___ boys.

le two other B. two little other

other little le other two

答案:C。由"限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) --性质--名词"的顺序可知数词,描绘词,性质依次顺序,只有C符合答案。

2) One day they crossed the __ bridge behind the palace.

A. old Chinese stone

B. Chinese old stone

C. old stone Chinese

D. Chinese stone old

答案A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词,他们的排列顺序是:年龄,形状,大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。

3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?

---- It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside.

A. few last sunny  B. last few sunny  C. last sunny few  D. few sunny last

答案:B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的方在后,在不能确定时,可参照:限定词+数量词(序数词在前,基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词,如

those + three + beautiful + large + square +old + brown + wood + table。

  二、 副词及其基本用法

副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。

1、副词的位置

1)在动词之前。

2)在be动词、助动词之后。

3)多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。

注意:

a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。例如:

We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.我们清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光。

b. 方式副词well,badly,hard等只放在句尾。例如:

He speaks English well. 他英语说得好。

2、副词的排列顺序:

1)时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。

2)方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。例如:

Please write slowly and carefully. 请写得慢一些,仔细一些

3)多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。

注意:副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。

改错:

(错)I very like English.

(对)I like English very much.

注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。例如:

I don't know him well enough. 他我不熟悉。

There is enough food for everyone to eat.有足够的食物供每个人吃。

There is food enough for everyone to eat.

3、兼有两种形式的副词

1) close与closely

close意思是"近";closely 意思是"仔细地"。例如:

He is sitting close to me. 他就坐在我边上。

Watch him closely. 盯着他。

2) late 与lately

late意思是"晚";lately 意思是"最近"。例如:

You have come too late. 你来得太晚了。

What have you been doing lately? 近来好吗?

3) deep与deeply

deep意思是"深",表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,"深深地"。例如:

He pushed the stick deep into the mud.他把棍子深深插进泥里。

Even father was deeply moved by the film.老爸也被电影深深打动了。

4) high与highly

high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much。例如:

The plane was flying high. 这架飞机飞得很高。

I think highly of your opinion. 你的看法很有道理。

5) wide与widely

wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是"广泛地","在许多地方"。例如:

He opened the door wide. 他把门开得大大的。

English is widely used in the world.英语在世界范围内广泛使用。

6) free与freely

free的意思是"免费";freely 的意思是"无限制地"。例如:

You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.无论什么时候,我这饭铺免费对你开放。

You may speak freely; say what you like.你可以畅所欲言,想说什么就说什么。

三、形容词和副词比较级解析

形容词是用来修饰、描述名词或代词的词,主要用作定语、表语和补足语等。副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、介词短语或全句的词。形容词和副词的比较级是中高考考点之一,但是由于在中高考中,同学们更加注重同位语、定语从句和非谓语动词等的备考,则会容易复习形容词和副词的复习。其实,形容词和副词的考试也是中高考的重要考点。今天,笔者对形容词和副词五个常见考点比较级进行归纳分析,希望对考生备考以及英语能力的提升有所帮助。

1、比较级和最高级的常见结构

1). “the +比较级……, the +比较级“:表示 “越……越……”

The sooner you see a doctor, the better it is. 你越早看医生越好。

The longer I waited, the less patient I became. 我等的越久就变得越不耐烦。

2) the +序数词+最高级+单数可数名词: 表示“第几大的”

This is the third most popular song of Michael Jackson。这是迈克尔·杰克逊第三受欢迎的歌曲。

真题:

1. (10上海卷)

In recent years travel companies have succeeded in selling us the idea that the further we go , ____ 。

A. our holidays will be better B. our holiday will be the better

C. the better our holiday will be D. the better will our holiday be

2. (02上海卷) As far as I am concerned, education is about learning and the more you learn, ____。

A. the more for life you are equipped

B. the more equipped for life you are

C. the more life you are equipped for

D. you are equipped the for life

答案:1. C 2. B

2、比较级和最高级的修饰语

1)常见的比较级的修饰语有:

much, a little, a great deal, far, by far, even, will, still, a bit, a little, rather, any, (far) larger than

This movie is far more interesting than I expected. 这部电影比我原想的有意思的多。

2) all the +比较级:愈来愈

I worked all the harder. 我工作愈来愈努力了。

3) 常见的最高级的修饰语有:

序数词,by far, nearly, almost, by no means, not quite, not really 等

He is almost the best player. 他基本上是最好的选手。

4) any 修饰比较级只用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句

Can you do any better on this job? 你这件事情能不能做得更好些?

真题:

1. (06江苏卷) I wish you’d do ____ talking and some more work. Thus things will become better。

A. a bit less B. any less

C. much more D. a little more

2. (07 全国卷II ) After two years’ research, we now have a ____ better understanding of the disease。

A. very B. far C. fairly D. quite

3. (08全国卷I) You’re driving too fast. Can you drive ______?

A. more slowly a bit B. slowly a bit more

C. a bit more slowly D. slowly more bit

答案:1. A 2. B 3. C

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